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The authors report in this article on the excavation and skeletal analyses of 81 graves containing the remains of 133 individuals in a 17th-century cemetery in the Panayia Field at Ancient Corinth. Two distinct styles of burial reflect Orthodox Christian and Muslim traditions. Osteological analyses revealed a preponderance of adult males over females; more young and middle-aged males and fewer small children than might be expected; and numerous instances of physical violence, including two obvious cases of punishment. The presence of iron boot-heel reinforcement cleats and the mixing of Christian and Muslim burial practices suggest that the cemetery may have served a garrison population in Corinth under Ottoman rule during the early 17th century.

Two fragments of marble sculpture, one found in late fill on the Pnyx and the other in the Athenian Agora, join to form part of a large helmeted head, probably from a Roman statue of Athena. Unusual, wavelike curls escaping from beneath the helmet suggest a date in the mid-1st century a.d. The Pnyx/Agora statue may have been commissioned in Athens during a period of renewed interest in the Panathenaic festival by Athenians who saw the promotion of their city’s religious traditions as a way of enhancing their own status and that of their city.

The so-called lekythos of Xenophantos presents an image unparalleled in Greek vase painting. In a scene that belongs fully to neither the world of reality nor that of myth, Persians hunt griffins, among other prey. The author offers a new reading of the scene as a fictionalized account of Persian conquest, in which the borders of the empire have reached the edges of the earth, the eschata. Such a scenario has parallels in Herodotos’s stories of the Persians’ (inappropriate) territorial aspirations; in these accounts, as Persians seek to expand their power beyond its natural limits, they are met with failure and punishment.

The rise of mass tourism in the late 19th century coincided with advances in photographic technology that made it easier for travelers to document their journeys. In the 1890s, the clergyman and scientist T. R. R. Stebbing made a photographic record of his travels in the eastern Mediterranean. Stebbing’s images reproduce a way of looking at antiquity prescribed by 19th-century guidebooks, thereby encoding a conventional Western view of antiquity. Incorporated into an academic network of slide collections, Stebbing’s images contributed to an authoritative scholarly construction of the classical world in Britain during the early 20th century.

Agora I 7545, a fragmentary ephebic list of the late 1st century B.C. or early 1st century A.D., records the names of six individuals, at least three of whom are otherwise unattested. The document honors ephebic officers and a trainer known from other inscriptions, Menis(s)kos of Kolonai. Two ephebes, Dionysodoros son of Sophokles of Sounion and Gorgias son of Architimos of Sphettos, appear to be related to members of the genos of the Kerykes recorded in IEleusis 300 of 20/19 B.C. The inscription demands a reassessment of the dates and careers of Meniskos and Dionysodoros, and raises questions about the constituency of the Kerykes in the Early Roman period.

The temple of Apollo Patroos in the Athenian Agora is often dated to ca. 330 B.C. A fragment of a Thasian amphora with a stamp bearing the eponym Ποῦλυς was found in a pit closed no later than the period of the temple’s construction. This stamp dates to ca. 313 B.C. The temple must therefore have been constructed in the very late 4th or very early 3rd century. Review of the textual and other archaeological evidence related to the temple and its vicinity clarifies the physical development of this cult site from ca. 375 to ca. 300 B.C.

In the second half of the 4th century B.C., the names of manumitted men and women and their occupations were inscribed on stones and displayed, presumably on the Athenian Acropolis. More than four-fifths of those identified as female are designated as “wool-workers” (ταλασιουργοί), and scholars have debated whether these women were domestic slaves, or professional slaves who were able to purchase their own freedom. Drawing upon iconographic, literary, and archaeological evidence, the author revisits the “spinning ἑταίρα” debate, arguing that the ταλασιουργοί were primarily prostitutes and that the designation ταλασιουργός was used essentially to avoid the stigma associated with their trade.

Excavations in the Athenian Agora have brought to light fragments of three sculpted marble eyes, or ophthalmoi, from Classical levels in and around the Tholos precinct. The discovery of similar objects at the ancient harbor of Zea, and more recently in association with a Classical Greek ship wrecked off the Aegean coast of Turkey, makes clear that all are examples of the eyes that decorated the bows of ancient Greek ships. Three hypotheses are offered to explain the presence of nautical artifacts within the Agora: they may have served as honorific fixtures relating to the fleet; represented surplus naval equipment stored in the Strategeion; or belonged to a wheeled ship used in the Anthesteria or the Greater Panathenaia festival.

Archaeologists have long acknowledged the importance of flaked stone tools in the prehistoric archaeological record of the Aegean. Over the past two decades, scholars have demonstrated the continued production and use of lithics in historical periods as well. At Isthmia, flaked stone tools have been found in deposits associated with craft, agricultural, ritual, and domestic contexts. The presence of reduction debris as well as finished tools of obsidian and chert suggests some on-site production in historical eras, but recycling of older pieces is also possible. The assemblage reflects a pragmatic response to the need for cutting, scraping, and incising tools in various periods.

In 2005 a Greek and American interdisciplinary team investigated two shipwrecks off the coast of Chios dating to the 4th-century B.C. and the 2nd/1st century. The project pioneered archaeological methods of precision acoustic, digital image, and chemical survey using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and in-situ sensors, increasing the speed of data acquisition while decreasing costs. The AUV recorded data revealing the physical dimensions, age, cargo, and preservation of the wrecks. The earlier wreck contained more than 350 amphoras, predominantly of Chian type, while the Hellenistic wreck contained about 40 Dressel 1C amphoras. Molecular biological analysis of two amphoras from the 4th-century wreck revealed ancient DNA of olive, oregano, and possibly mastic, part of a cargo outbound from Chios.

In this article, the author reexamines the 14 known horos inscriptions from Aigina in connection with the discovery of four new horoi, published here for the first time. These additional horoi lend new support to the arguments—debated by many scholars—for the date (431–404 B.C.), occasion (Athenian occupation of Aigina during the Peloponnesian War), authorship (Athenian), and purpose (markers of agricultural estates) of the Aiginetan horoi. The article presents a fresh view of Athenian motivations for the introduction of agricultural temene dedicated to the gods on Aigina and in other conquered territories during the Athenian Empire.

The earliest known terracotta roof postdating the Bronze Age belongs to the 7th-century B.C. Old Temple at Corinth. Analysis of the surface markings preserved on its tiles suggests a hypothesis for the forming and finishing stages of tile manufacture. Individual tiles were built right side up on a mold, with a pair of profiled templates guiding the shape of the top. Replication experiments reveal that the template design for these tiles is much simpler than formerly believed. Nonetheless, it is likely that the Corinthians created their first tiles in imitation of an earlier terracotta roofing system with separate cover and pan tiles, perhaps developed outside the Corinthia.

Cross-cultural archaeological and ethnographic evidence for warfare in farming societies invites us to reconsider the traditional picture of the Greek Neolithic (ca. 7000–3400 B.C.) as a period of peaceful coexistence among subsistence farmers. Archaeological correlates of intercommunal conflict in the prehistoric American Southwest and the widespread evidence for warfare in Neolithic Europe suggest that warfare is also likely to have taken place in Neolithic Greece. The well-known Neolithic record for Thessaly reveals evidence for warfare in defensive structures, weapons, and settlement patterns. Competition for resources such as arable land, grazing rights, and water may have contributed to the causes of Greek Neolithic warfare.

The ancient road from Corinth to Argos via the Longopotamos pass was one of the most important and longest-used natural routes through the northeastern Peloponnese. The author proposes to identify the exact route of the road as it passed through Kleonaian territory by combining the evidence of ancient testimonia, the identification of ancient roadside features, the accounts of early travelers, and autopsy. The act of tracing the road serves to emphasize the prominent position of the city Kleonai on this interstate route, which had significant consequences both for its own history and for that of neighboring states.

Technical observations on the sculptures from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia allow a reconstruction of their appearance at installation and of the major changes made afterward. At installation, many sculptures were unfinished; the west pediment had more centaur groups than are preserved today; and the horse blocks on the east pediment were separated, one in front of the other. By the time of Pausanias’s visit in A.D. 174, the sculptures had suffered major damage at least twice (in the mid-4th century and the early 2nd century B.C.); his identification of Kaineus in the west pediment may refer to a headless Apollo propped up on his knees, flanked by centaurs.

A group of Attic black- and red-figure vases from the late 6th and 5th centuries B.C. is decorated with scenes that prominently feature legs of meat in iconographic contexts other than sacrificial butchering. These leg joints are interpreted as honorary shares of sacrificial meat awarded to select individuals at the festivals of the polis; the honorary shares included more meat than the shares distributed to the general public. Because leg joints were awarded as honorary shares to the priests who officiated at sacrifices, they came to represent honorary shares in general. By extension, the leg joints that appear in painted scenes symbolize meritorious participation in city festivals, and thus can be viewed as expressions of civic identity.

This article presents the currently available literary and archaeological evidence for the sanctuary of Hieron at the mouth of the Black Sea, including the previously unpublished record of its only known excavation. Analyzing the evidence in separate topographical, historical, and archaeological sections, with a map and photographs, the author provides the most complete description of Hieron to date, shows how the entrance to the Black Sea was perceived in spatial and religious terms, and encourages future archaeological exploration that could increase our understanding of ancient trade and settlement in the Black Sea region.

In 2002 and 2003 the 4th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP) excavated a robbed Late Helladic (LH) IIIA2 chamber tomb at Barnavos, west of the village of Ancient Nemea. Through application of a novel method of stratigraphic analysis and careful documentation of the scattered remains, it was ascertained that the tomb was opened as many as six times for four or five interments, including a child and probably both male and female adults. No other tomb was found in the vicinity. This is the first Mycenaean tomb discovered in the valley, and it belongs to the settlement at Tsoungiza.

The cave of Hagios Charalambos is a Minoan secondary ossuary in the Lasithi plain in the mountains of east-central Crete. It was excavated in two campaigns (1976–1983 and 2002–2003). Artifacts include pottery, figurines, seals, stone tools, metal tools and weapons, jewelry, and other objects buried with the deceased. The original burials range in date from Neolithic to Middle Minoan IIB, but the bones were all moved to the ossuary within a relatively short period in MM IIB. Some of the bones were partly sorted before their secondary deposition. The skulls indicate many traumas and three sophisticated trephinations, the earliest thus far known in Greece.

A small-scale excavation in the area of Vasilitsi, southern Messenia, revealed the remnants of a previously unrecorded 13th-century triple-aisled cross-vaulted church with a series of burials along its north wall. In addition to ceramics and a marble basin, a small hoard of Venetian torneselli was found. The author discusses the church’s period of use and details of its architecture and construction, as well as the identity of its builders and the settlement pattern of this largely unknown area. Parallels from published histories, surface surveys, and excavations from other regions of medieval Messenia and Greece are discussed. An osteological report on the burials is presented as an appendix.

The end of cult activity in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth has previously been dated to the third or fourth quarter of the 4th century. Because some scholars have suggested that the latest lamps from the sanctuary date to ca. 425 or 450, the author reexamined the context pottery in search of 5th-century material. This article supplements the catalogue in Corinth XVIII.2, reviews the coins and fine wares on which the dates were based, and reconsiders the amphoras, coarse wares, and lamps. The new material is largely datable to the late 5th and 6th centuries and seems to be associated with robbing trenches or the late cemetery rather than with the pagan cult.

Ascribing the presence of speakers of Lesbian in the northeast Aegean during historical times to the migration of Aiolian tribes from mainland Greece receives no support from linguistics. Migration is not the only or even primary way in which languages and dialects may spread. Moreover, on reexamination, the idea of an Aiolic dialect group falls apart. Boiotian, separated by the First Compensatory Lengthening from Lesbian and Thessalian, appears as a conservative dialect, most closely related to West Greek. In turn, Lesbian and Thessalian are both archaic branches of Greek that share no demonstrable common innovations. They are best viewed as two separate relic areas of a relatively unaltered early Greek.

Iron Age settlements in the northeast Aegean are usually attributed to Aiolian colonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This article reviews the literary accounts of the migration and presents the relevant archaeological evidence, with a focus on new material from Troy. No one area played a dominant role in colonizing Aiolis, nor is such a widespread colonization supported by the archaeological record. But the aggressive promotion of migration accounts after the Persian Wars proved mutually beneficial to both sides of the Aegean and justified the composition of the Delian League.

The authors interpret two joining pieces of a brightly colored wall painting found at the Palace of Nestor in 1939. The fragment, removed from the walls of the palace prior to its final destruction, represents part of an archer, probably female. Alternative reconstructions are offered. Artistic methods and constituents of the plaster and paint are studied by XRD, PIXE-alpha analysis, XRF, SEM-EDS, PY/GC-MS, and GC-MS. Egyptian blue pigment was extensively employed. Egg was used as a binder for the pigments in a tempera, rather than a fresco, technique. The identification of individualized painting styles may make it possible to assign groups of wall paintings to particular artists or workshops.

A 4th-century B.C. funerary horos (I 7525) discovered in the excavations of the Athenian Agora in 1981 preserves the name Philiste. A previously published funerary stele found in the Agora in 1934 is inscribed with the same name (IG II2 6133a). Although it cannot be demonstrated conclusively, it is possible that these funerary inscriptions originally belonged to the same grave plot.

Five items of silver plate from tomb II at Vergina are inscribed with their ancient weights. The inscriptions, using the acrophonic and alphabetic systems, suggest that the pieces were made to a drachma weight of ca. 4.2 g. This weight of drachma was introduced to Macedonia by Alexander the Great and does not appear to have been used by Philip II. The inscriptions on the silver add to the cumulative evidence provided by the cremated remains, black-gloss saltcellars, and iconography of the lion-hunt frieze that tomb II was the final resting place not of Philip II, but of Philip III Arrhidaios and Adea Eurydike.

Scenes of textile production on Athenian vases are often interpreted as confirming the oppression of women, who many argue were confined to “women’s quarters” and exploited as free labor. However, reexamination of the iconography—together with a reconsideration of gender roles and the archaeology of Greek houses dating to the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.—suggests that these images idealize female contributions to the household in a positive way. The scenes utilize the dual metaphor of weaving and marriage to express the harmonia of oikos and polis, a theme particularly significant under the evolving Athenian democracy.

The author examines the ritual uses of tripod cauldrons in Boiotian public contexts, synthesizing material, epigraphic, and literary evidence. Dedications of tripods by individuals were expressions of prominent social status. Communal dedications made in the distinctively Boiotian rite of the tripodephoria were symbolic actualizations of power relations between the dominant center and its periphery. Remains of two suntagmata of tripods at the sanctuary of the hero Ptoios at Kastraki, near Akraiphia, provide evidence for the physical ambience of the sanctuary, the form of the tripods, and the collective rites associated with the dedications.

This article presents the results of the study of the surface survey material from the island site of Mitrou. The survey was carried out under the auspices of the Cornell Halai and East Lokris Project (CHELP) in 1988 and 1989, and the finds were studied by the authors between 2000 and 2003. Pottery and small finds indicate that Mitrou was one of the major Bronze Age sites in the region, occupied from Early Helladic II through the Protogeometric period without interruption, and benefiting from trading contacts throughout the Aegean.

Excavations in 1999 at the Panayia Domus at Corinth uncovered nine statuettes representing Artemis (twice), Asklepios (twice), Roma, Dionysos, Herakles, Europa/Sosandra, and Pan, the contents of a probable domestic shrine in a small, plain room. The statuettes range in date from the late 1st to the mid-3rd or early 4th century A.D. Four are late products of Attic sarcophagus workshops. The figure of Roma is a unique domestic example of this divinity and may refer to a local monument and to the status of the owner. Other statuettes are typical of domestic assemblages in Late Roman Greece.

A Hellenistic inscription from the Athenian Agora (Agora I 7602) concerning syngeneia between Athens and Kydonia in western Crete is reedited here with full commentary. The history of Athenian relations with Kydonia is briefly reviewed. The authors propose a reconstruction of the Kydonians’ arguments for mythological kinship between the two cities. Agora I 7602 appears to be the earliest firm attestation of mutually accepted syngeneia between Athens and a non-Ionian city. Indeed, it is the first known inscription recording kinship between Athens and another city on grounds other than the latter’s status as a colony, at least before the Roman period.

Surface and geophysical surveys at Plataiai elucidate the development of the settlement through nearly five millennia. Pottery distribution patterns show that the site was first occupied in the Neolithic and continued in use through the Bronze Age, with a possible hiatus during the Dark Age. The settlement recovered in Archaic and Early Classical times, expanded during the 4th century B.C., and underwent further development in Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Early Modern times. Geophysical survey has located a previously unknown section of the town’s largest fortification circuit and a probable gateway. Results allow a detailed reconstruction of the city grid and the internal structures of some of the blocks surveyed.

Using ceramic evidence from Bronze Age Akrotiri on Thera, the authors explore the idea that regional cultural interactions of a “colonialist” character can take place without the occurrence of colonization per se. They assess the types and frequency of Cretan Middle Minoan IIIA imports from selected deposits at the site, the nature of local imitations of Cretan pottery, and the adoption of a characteristically Cretan technology, the potter’s wheel. By comparing processes of material, stylistic, and technological transfer, the authors seek to characterize Crete’s influence off-island and the responses of neighboring island communities, concluding that Cretan material culture is more a cause than an effect of Minoanization.

Heinrich Schliemann’s heirs deposited most of his personal papers in the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1936, but retained control over them until the School purchased them in 1962. For 27 years, the heirs granted sole authorization to exploit the papers to Ernst Meyer, who published only limited excerpts, obstructed the access of other researchers, and borrowed several volumes that were never returned. The author explores the troubled history of the Heinrich Schliemann Papers since the archaeologist’s death in 1890 and examines the ways in which recent improvements in cataloguing and access are facilitating new research on Schliemann’s life and career in their historical context.

Using data generated by the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey, the author examines the evidence for the frequently attested “explosion” of Late Roman settlement in the Corinthia, assessing the degree to which the differential visibility of pottery from the Early and Late Roman periods affects our perception of change over time. Calibration of ceramic data to compensate for differences in visibility demonstrates a more continuous pattern of exchange, habitation, and land use on the Isthmus during the Roman era. The author also compares excavated and surface assemblages from other regional projects, and suggests new ways of interpreting the ceramic evidence produced by archaeological surveys.

An oath on a 4th-century B.C. stele from Acharnai has previously been identified as the Oath of Plataia, the oath taken by the Greeks before they fought the Persians at Plataia in 479. In this article the author identifies it as the Oath of Marathon, rather than as the Oath of Plataia, and suggests that Lykourgos’s reference (1.80) to “the oath that was traditional among you [Athenians]” is to this Oath of Marathon.

A unique double figure on a Late Geometric vessel known as the Agora oinochoe (P 4885) has been interpreted in a variety of ways. In this article the author explores problems with previous interpretations and offers new readings of the figure, the scene, and the frieze. The figure should not be interpreted as the conjoined Molione-Aktorione twins or, indeed, as conjoined at all, in which case there is little to connect the scene with Homeric epic. The scene can be viewed more convincingly as an experiment in narrative, simultaneously showing two moments in time. The frieze in its entirety might even be regarded as an ingenious optical trick.

This article constitutes the second of two reports on fieldwork conducted at Azoria in eastern Crete during the 2003 and 2004 excavation seasons. Evidence of Final Neolithic and Early Iron Age occupation and traces of Late Prepalatial activity were found underlying the Archaic civic buildings on the South Acropolis, particularly along the southwest terrace. The recovery of substantial Final Neolithic architectural and habitation remains contributes to our understanding of the 4th millennium in eastern Crete. Stratigraphic excavations have also clarified the spatial extent of the settlement from Late Minoan IIIC to the Late Geometric period, and brought to light evidence for the transition from the Early Iron Age to the Archaic period, and the transformation of the site in the 7th century B.C.

This article summarizes the results of six seasons (2002-2007) of continuing excavations in the Athenian Agora by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Work concentrated in the area outside the northwest corner of the square, where commercial buildings dating from the 5th century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. were explored and more of the eastern part of the Stoa Poikile was exposed. Further work was also carried out in the area of the Eleusinion, and southwest of the Tholos, in the Classical building traditionally identified as the “Strategeion.”

Site-based study tours have been integral to the teaching of Greek archaeology at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA) since it was founded in 1881, and at other American institutions of higher education as well. The authors present the diary of one such tour taken in 1883 by Harold North Fowler, a member of the first class of students at the ASCSA. Fowler’s diary demonstrates the importance of travel in the training of archaeologists and is of further interest because of the immediacy of the personal impressions recorded by a student of Greek archaeology toward the end of the 19th century.

The author uses analytic geometry and AutoCAD software to analyze the plan of Temple A of the Asklepieion at Kos, revealing a circumscribed Pythagorean triangle as the basis for the plan’s design. This methodology and its results counter earlier doubts about the application of geometry to Doric temple design and suggest the existence of an alternative to the grid-based approach characteristic of Hellenistic temples of the Ionic order. Appreciation of the geometric system underlying the plan of Temple A leads to a consideration of the role of visuality in Hellenistic architecture, characterized here as the manner in which abstract ideas shared by architects and scholars conditioned viewing and influenced the design process.

Two inscriptions discovered in the Agora Excavations contribute new information about Athenian political history: Athenian interactions with Rhodes in the late 3rd or early 2nd century B.C., and prytany members during the late 2nd century A.D. A state decree, I 7571 names an Athenian proxenos to Rhodes at a time of particularly intense diplomatic activity. The content of I 7579, a prytany document, advances our knowledge of Eleusinian officials and Athenian state practices around a.d. 191/2. In addition, the tribal affiliation proposed for a secretary named in this inscription supports the applicability of Ferguson’s Law to this period.

This article describes the forms and contents of three Geometric graves excavated at Corinth from 2001 to 2004. The two earliest graves date to the Early Geometric period and contain monolithic sarcophagi that are among the earliest known at Corinth. One of these graves and an adjacent pit grave dating to the Middle Geometric I period were provided with special niches for grave goods. A nearby child’s grave, which may be Geometric as well, is also described. The impact of stone sarcophagi on the development of the Corinthian stoneworking industry is considered in an appendix. Stray Early Iron Age finds from the area are listed in a second appendix.

In the 1920s and 1930s, members of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens engaged in a dialogue with the avant-garde through the shared discovery of Byzantium. This extraordinary experiment took place in excavations at Corinth, where American archaeologists invented the systematic discipline of medieval archaeology, facilitated an inclusive identity for the American School, and contributed to a bohemian undercurrent that would have a long afterlife. This article situates the birth of Byzantine archaeology in Greece within the general discourse of modernism and explores the mechanisms of interchange across disciplinary and national boundaries, between subjective and objective realms.

A marble portrait found in 2002 near the City Eleusinion, just outside the Athenian Agora, depicts the head of a man wearing a crown adorned with eight small busts. The busts appear to be imperial portraits representing male members of the Antonine and Severan dynasties, the latest of which is probably Caracalla, during whose reign the portrait was presumably carved. The face and beard, but not the crown or hair, show signs of having been later reworked. The portrait may represent a delegate to the Panhellenion, an institution closely associated with Eleusis. Possibly an archon or an agonothetes of the Panhellenia, he may have been honored for his service with a statue in Athens.

In this article the author publishes a Corinthian funerary inscription from the late 5th or early 4th century B.C. The stone’s primary importance lies in its physical characteristics, which imply that it and other similar examples, usually interpreted as sarcophagus lids, are instead horizontal grave markers of the trapeza or mensa type; this class now represents the most common form of grave monument in pre-Roman Corinth. Secondly, given the presence of a base molding datable on stylistic grounds, this stone provides an isolated example of a pre-Roman Corinthian inscription that can be dated by criteria other than letter forms.

The main scene on an Attic red-figure bell krater in Gela by the Dinos Painter has been variously interpreted. Some identify the scene as the Argonauts’ arrival at Kolchis, others as the departure of Theseus for Crete. Most recently, Alan Shapiro has interpreted it as Theseus’s departure from Crete. A new analysis of all the elements of the picture suggests instead that it shows the Argonauts’ departure from Kolchis. If this interpretation is correct, the vase constitutes the first known depiction of this scene as well as the first representation in ancient art of Apsyrtos and his stepmother, Idyia.

In this article the author examines the sociology of selection procedures in the Athenian democracy. The role of election and lot within the political system, the extent (or lack) of corruption in the selection of officials, and the impact of the selection procedure on political life are considered. A comparison of selection procedures demonstrates that the lot was a relatively democratic device that distributed offices widely throughout Attica, whereas elections favored demes near the city. The reasons for these different patterns of participation are examined.

This article constitutes the first of two reports on fieldwork conducted at Azoria in eastern Crete during the 2003 and 2004 excavation seasons. The focus of excavation was on the South Acropolis, where buildings of Archaic date (7th-early 5th century B.C.) suggesting public or civic functions have come to light. The complex includes a possible andreion on the west slope, a cult building on the terrace south of the peak, and storerooms and kitchens associated with a monumental public building on the southwest terrace. A 3rd-century B.C. dump on the southeast slope provides important information about the limited reoccupation of the site in the Hellenistic period.

The authors’ experience with founding and managing an open-access Internet site for publishing scholarly preprints, the Princeton-Stanford Working Papers in Classics, raises issues about the status of publication in classical studies. Open-access e-prints offer unique advantages in terms of availability and dated registration of work, but raise concerns about certification and permanent archiving. E-prints and traditional publications are currently complementary. Yet the worlds of scholarly publication and academic evaluation of scholarship are changing in important ways; closer cooperation between publishers, scholars, and university administrators could help to maximize benefits and limit costs to disciplines, institutions, and individuals.

Two styles of cooking pot were used sequentially at Corinth from the 12th to the 14th century A.D., a time during which Frankish crusaders occupied the Byzantine city. Utilizing thin-section petrography, the author investigates possible differences in the provenance and production technology of the two forms of cooking ware. The Byzantine form was made in many fabrics while the Frankish form, introduced some 50 years after the Frankish incursion, was limited largely to one fabric. The fabrics are all consistent with the local geology, suggesting that both forms were produced locally and that the observed differences are the result of changes in the procurement and/or production of the vessels over time.

This article summarizes the goals, methods, and discoveries of the Kenchreai Cemetery Project (2002-2006), an interdisciplinary study of burial grounds at the eastern port of Corinth during the Roman Empire, from the mid-1st to 7th century A.D. Work has concentrated on the main cemetery of cist graves and chamber tombs immediately north of the harbor on the Koutsongila ridge. The contextual study of the geology, topography, architecture, epitaphs, bones, wall painting, and artifacts has illuminated funerary ritual and its relationship to social structure during the early Empire. These burials attest to a diverse and prosperous community with a distinct elite stratum.

This study of a Classical Attic votive relief found at Mondragone in northern Campania reaffirms the traditional interpretation of the deities depicted on it as members of the Eleusinian cult circle. Drawing on contemporary Eleusinian vase painting, the author argues that the relief depicts episodes from the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. The figure of Dionysos, leaning on the throne of Hades, indicates that this Attic relief was dedicated in a local or domestic sanctuary in Campania by Eleusinian initiates who may also have participated in the Dionysiac-Orphic Mysteries. Thus, the relief is a crucial piece of evidence for the diffusion of the Eleusinian cult abroad.

This editorial, published to commemorate 75 years of publication, describes the history of Hesperia since its founding in 1932, and looks at trends in readership and type of content published.

Focusing on Classical red-figure vases, the author argues that the appearance of the beautiful Medusa, which has been explained previously as an evolutionary development from the monstrous Archaic type, is determined by discursive context rather than by chronology. Painters used the beautiful Gorgon to convey certain messages about Perseus’s victory, though it is not always clear whether she is meant to evoke humor or pathos. The author further shows that Medusa’s death was figured as a perversion of the erotic abductions common to many Greek myths, and points out the beautiful Gorgon’s affinities with abducted maidens such as Persephone, Thetis, and Helen.

Excavations at Kavousi Vronda, Crete, recovered 107 intrusive Early Iron Age burials within the abandoned Late Minoan IIIC town. Of these, three were secondary cremation burials in amphoras deposited in stone cist graves that also contained multiple primary cremation burials. The small quantity of bone in each amphora and the recurrence of skeletal elements (bones from the cranium and right forearm) suggest that these burials represent the deliberate selection of particular skeletal parts that may have been transported to the communal graves at Vronda. The author explores the possible significance of these token burials within the larger context of funerary ritual and the representation of the dead.

Presented here is the editio princeps of a new fragment of the late-5th-century B.C. Athenian calendar of sacrifices. The fragment, Agora I 7577, was discovered during excavations conducted in the Athenian Agora by the American School of Classical Studies. Inscribed on both faces (Face A: 403-399 B.C., Face B: 410-404 B.C.), it is associated with, but does not join, the group of fragments of Athenian legal inscriptions often referred to as the Law Code of Nikomachos. The text provides important additional evidence for the form of the calendar and the manner of its publication, and casts new light on broader issues of Athenian cult and topography.

Edward Capps understood the need for a periodical such as Hesperia and promoted its establishment as part of an overall program of reform that he introduced early in his tenure as chairman of the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (1918-1939). Since its first appearance in 1932, the journal has succeeded where previous efforts at creating a periodical for the American School failed. In this essay, the author discusses the motivating forces that between 1927 and 1932 prompted the creation of Hesperia, and considers several of the longer-term consequences of its editorial policies for the research program and intellectual life of the School.

Thucydides’ account of the Spartan-Athenian conflict at Pylos contains topographical inaccuracies that demonstrate that the historian had not visited the site. Emendation is unwarranted, in part because the historian’s erroneous account of the topography harmonizes with his account of the Spartans’ plan to block the entrances to Navarino Bay. The actual topography, however, makes the reported plan impossible. The Spartans apparently intended to fight a naumachia with the Athenians inside the bay and therefore stationed hoplites on the island of Sphakteria. Thucydides’ misconceptions stem from his failure to visit the site and his reliance on tendentious Peloponnesian sources.

This article reviews the epigraphical evidence for furniture and furnishings from Late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, with particular attention to the furniture recorded in the treasure lists of Greek sanctuaries, and in the inscriptions recording loans, mortgages, and other commercial transactions involving property, between the late 4th and 1st centuries B.C. The principal goals of the study are to collect the types of furniture and furnishings mentioned in the inscriptions; to examine the vocabulary used to describe them and, where possible, to determine their value; and to discuss the purpose and significance of the furniture found in ancient Greek sanctuaries, whether used for display, storage, or as mobilier du culte.

The iconographic scheme of a snake drinking from a cup appears on a series of stone reliefs and terracotta plaques from Lakonia depicting seated figures, now generally interpreted as dedications to local heroes. It is argued here that the drinking snake in association with human figures first appeared on Lakonian monuments during the 5th century B.C., perhaps as a way of stressing the close association of the snake with the hero and, by extension, his friendly union with the chthonic powers. This iconographic motif, which developed within the Lakonian series, was disseminated beyond Lakonia and appeared on other types of monuments, where it functioned primarily as a heroic emblem.

In this article the author explores the decorative style of the Pan Painter in order to distance him from the so-called Mannerists and highlight the three-dimensional nature of his artistry. An analysis of his oeuvre reveals traits shared with the Berlin Painter and thus revives Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood’s suggestion that the Pan Painter was a shop-boy under Myson and later an apprentice to the Berlin Painter. Attention is given to the Pan Painter’s treatment of costume, which enlivened his figures and compositions in a manner suiting the range of iconographic types and vessel shapes with which he worked.

From 1997 to 2003, the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS) investigated a 350-km squared region east of the ancient city of Corinth, focusing primarily on the northern Corinthian plain. EKAS developed an interdisciplinary methodology that emphasizes novel applications of geological science, computer-based knowledge systems, and strategies for fieldwork and collaboration among experts. In this article, the research philosophies and methods are presented and their application illustrated with results from the survey. The historical development of one settlement, Kromna in the northern Corinthian plain, is examined in detail to demonstrate the interpretive potential of data collected by these methods.

A new Latin inscription found south of Aptera documents an Early Trajanic stage in the development of the Roman road network of western Crete. A reconsideration of Aptera and its hinterland provides the topographical context for this milestone, which apparently was found in situ. The text records direct imperial intervention and generosity. The mileage figure suggests the location of Aptera’s port, and supports the theory that Cretan milestones indicated the distance to turning points in the road. This road system linked western Crete with the capital at Gortyn, after passing through the territories of Aptera, Lappa, and Eleutherna.

Scholars have long reported that the early excavators at Corinth found houses dating to the “interim period” between the destruction of the Greek city and the foundation of the Roman colony (146 B.C.-A.D. 44); apparently unaware of the precise location and continued existence of these structures, however, they have not discussed the buildings themselves. Material in the archives of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens allows these structures to be located precisely and thus examined. The absence of evidence for dating them to the interim period precludes their use as evidence for habitation during this period.

The left lateral face of the Aristoteles Decree stele (IG II2 43), the most important epigraphic source for the Second Athenian League, presents numerous problems of interpretation. The author attempts here to establish the order in which members of the League were listed on that face and to link them with campaigns described in the literary sources, offering a possible restoration for the name inscribed in line 111 and later erased. A contemporary inscription from Athens points to the Parians, who were also listed on the front of the stone. Thus, the erasure was intended to correct a mistake of repetition.

The date of 224/3 for the introduction of Hellenistic moldmade relief bowls at Athens is reexamined—and subsequently reaffirmed—in light of a recent downward shift in the chronology of Rhodian amphoras. The process of introduction is traced in detail, using a model of the innovation process based on recent inventions. The implications of the stratigraphic record at the Athenian Agora for our understanding of the introduction of innovations in general, and of this innovation in particular, are discussed. The sparse representation of the moldmade bowl in later 3rd-century deposits may indicate slow acceptance of the new type, but more likely reflects the time that it takes for objects to enter the archaeological record.

Recent investigations on the Isthmus of Corinth by the Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS) have revealed a series of relatively humble fortifications situated along the ridge of Mt. Oneion, which forms the southern boundary of the Isthmus. These Late Classical-Early Hellenistic walls, along with a nearby series of later Venetian fortifications, were designed to block access to the south through several low passes. Controlling the passage of northern armies through the Isthmus to the Peloponnese was clearly a long-term strategic concern for diverse regional powers.

In this study the author analyzes the iconography of a unique Early Classical bronze statuette that represents the river god Acheloös as a peplophoros. Formerly in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, the statuette is now lost. Using the myth of Herakles’ peplos as a parallel, the author argues that Acheloös is represented wearing women’s dress in order to counterbalance his excessive masculinity. The combination of masculine and feminine iconographic attributes serves to acknowledge the potentially destructive power of the river while also highlighting its life-giving beneficence.

Recent archaeological excavations in 2004 and 2005 at Gülpınar, located on the southern coast of the Troad, shed new light on Late Neolithic life in the eastern Aegean world. The LN I material remains from Gülpınar display similarities with assemblages from sites in the eastern Aegean islands, the Cyclades, and the Balkans, confirming the existence of a large cultural interaction sphere during this period. Sites in the coastal Troad were clearly open to ideas from the Balkans at this time and also in contact, probably through trade, with the Aegean islands.

A well-known epitaph for Maria, wife of Euplous, excavated at Corinth in 1931 and originally dated to the late 4th century, has been described as “incompetent” and unworthy of the substantial cost of the grave. We show that it was carefully engraved in two stages in the Justinianic era, a date confirmed by reevaluation of the site and the lamps found with the grave. We suggest a new interpretation of the text, and consider the occupations of the seller and the purchaser of the grave in the context of 6th-century Corinth. Criteria for dating Early Christian Corinthian epitaphs are proposed in an appendix.

This study presents the archaeological evidence for chairs, beds, and tables from excavated domestic and funerary contexts in Greece dating from the 4th to the 1st century B.C. The author’s principal aim is to present and analyze the evidence for domestic furniture in its primary location, and to discuss issues related to the organization of interior space. Because tombs often preserve furniture and furnishings in good condition, the evidence they provide is carefully examined as well. Methodological issues concerning the limitations of textual and iconographic evidence and the state of publication of so-called minor objects are also addressed.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that a revival of the arts in Sparta during the 3rd century B.C. was owed mainly to royal patronage, and that it was inspired by Alexander’s successors, the Seleukids and the Ptolemies in particular. The tumultuous transition from the traditional Spartan dyarchy to a Hellenistic-style monarchy, and Sparta’s attempts to regain its dominance in the Peloponnese (lost since the battle of Leuktra in 371 B.C.), are reflected in the promotion of the pan-Peloponnesian hero Herakles as a role model for the single king at the expense of the Dioskouroi, who symbolized dual kingship and had a limited, regional appeal.

In this article the author reconsiders the transition from Late Helladic IIIB to Late Helladic IIIC on the Greek mainland and proposes an alternative ceramic phasing based on quantitative changes in chronologically sensitive indicators. The later part of LH IIIB (traditional LH IIIB2) is divided into LH IIIB2 Early and LH IIIB2 Late. These phases are followed by an initial stage of LH IIIC, preferably termed “LH IIIC Phase 1,” as suggested by Rutter in 1977, rather than “Transitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early,” as recently proposed by Mountjoy.

Ceramic ritual objects from the Late Minoan IIIC (ca. 1175-1050 B.C.) shrine at Kavousi, Crete, were analyzed by thin-section petrography and scanning electron microscopy. The authors investigate aspects of the objects’ production technology, drawing on the extensive comparative data available in the study area. It appears that potters manufactured these items as sets, in different locations around the Isthmus of Ierapetra, utilizing different raw materials, paste recipes, and firing conditions. These contrasting technologies relate to those used in the manufacture of cooking pots and to a range of jug/jar types, indicating that objects considered specialized may have been made by different groups of potters in the same area.

An examination of the lizard in the imagery of Archaic Greek vase painting suggests that it was a figure of power and portent and often an omen of disaster. It is argued that the lizard should be ranked among such uncanny beasts as Gorgons, sphinxes, and at least one monumental feline from the Archaic Athenian Acropolis.

Two rupestral horoi found on the Hill of the Nymphs in Athens, IG I3 1055 A and B, are not a single boustrophedon text as usually edited. Investigation of the possibility that B marked a deme boundary, prefaced by a discussion of deme formation and territoriality, yields evidence that the ancient street that passed south of horos B on its route from the Agora to the saddle between the Hill of the Nymphs and the Pnyx divided the urban demes of Melite and Kollytos. This argument challenges the traditional view that the Pnyx was in Melite. The study concludes with an approximation of the full extent of Melite.

The author proposes that the Athenian Prytaneion, one of the city’s most important civic buildings, was located in the peristyle complex beneath Agia Aikaterini Square, near the ancient Street of the Tripods and the Monument of Lysikrates in the modern Plaka. This thesis, which is consistent with Pausanias’s topographical account of ancient Athens, is supported by archaeological and epigraphical evidence. The identification of the Prytaneion at the eastern foot of the Acropolis helps to reconstruct the map of Archaic and Classical Athens and illuminates the testimony of Herodotos and Thucydides.

This article provides a detailed publication of an early black-figure infant/child seat, or potty, found in the Athenian Agora, including a series of brilliant watercolors by Piet de Jong. Later red-figure representations show such vessels in use. The potty is attributed to the Gorgon Painter, and the chronological range of such vessels is reviewed by gathering earlier and later examples of the form, both those preserved in the archaeological record and those known through iconography. Finally, the authors suggest that the term λάσανον was used in antiquity to refer to such highchairs-cum-chamber pots.

During the 1967-1968 excavations of the Gymnasium area in Corinth, a long and narrow structure (the “Apsidal Building”) was discovered. It is argued here that the structure represents the eastern meta and a portion of the spina of a circus, where chariot races were held. The circus appears to have been planned as an integral component of the Caesarian design of the city, constructed during the Augustan period, renovated in the late 1st century A.D., and refurbished as late as the 6th century. Furthermore, the circus was often the site of the equestrian contests of the Corinthian Caesarea festival and at times of the Panhellenic Isthmian Games.

A Doric column capital from the Argive Heraion, capital C, has been widely regarded as belonging to a very early (7th- or early-6th-century B.C.) stage in the development of the Doric capital. The author argues here from technical evidence that the capital instead dates to the Roman period and that it was created as a replacement element for a repair to the 6th-century B.C. North Stoa.

This article presents the pottery and fıgurines recovered from a Mycenaean rubbish pit excavated by the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project at Tsoungiza in 1984-1985. The deposit appears to preserve a complete range of vessels used for personal consumption, serving, cooking, storage, and other household activities, with nearly all diagnostic sherds dating to Late Helladic IIIB1. Analysis of this material suggests that, despite variations in the frequencies of some closed vessels and kraters, the residents of this small Mycenaean community had access to the same range of ceramics in use at the palace centers. The production and distribution of much Mycenaean pottery therefore may not have been controlled directly by the palaces.

An autopsy of the Hellenistic grave stele of SM[.]/‘Αντίπατρος discovered in the 19th century in the Kerameikos in Athens, reveals that its textual (Phoenician and Greek) and visual components differ significantly from previously published descriptions. The author reexamines the morphology of the monument, also considering its sacred address and the force that such a monument exerted on its context. This single monument to a Phoenician buried in Athens engages issues of bilingualism, religious symbolism, and, most importantly, self-definition, which structured the complex social interactions in Athens in the late 4th-2nd centuries B.C.

In three studies of votive offerings, the author explores the role played by private patrons in the production of art and inscriptions in Athens in the Archaic and Classical periods. The studies concern additive sculptural groups produced by the contributions of multiple dedicators, a form of display explained within the context of votive religion; epigraphical evidence for collaboration between East Greek sculptors and Athenian patrons on 6th- and 5th-century votive monuments; and dedications that have either been misidentified as belonging to Athenian potters and vase painters or erroneously reconstructed as metal or stone vases.

Excavations at Kommos, southern Crete, yielded large amounts of pottery of the Iron Age from levels of slight chronological significance. In this article the author deals with such material, expanding the ceramic aspects of deposition, largely adumbrated in previous publications concerned with stratigraphically significant material from the site. The sum of these publications should therefore constitute an adequate record of the Iron Age pottery from Kommos. The present article also includes pieces of individual interest, whether fully explicable or not, for the scrutiny of a wider public.

In this article, the author responds to the claim put forward by William M. Calder III in 1999 that the most famous burial mask from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae—that generally believed to be the one that Schliemann took for the “face of Agamemnon”—is a forgery, planted by Schliemann himself. From an analysis of the surviving documentation, it is argued that this theory is untenable, particularly since Schliemann did not originally associate this mask with Agamemnon.

This article reviews the investigation of Late Roman Corinth, including the recent excavations in the Panayia field. A series of four assemblages that range in date from the fifth through the seventh century, presenting approximately 50 similar objects from each and establishing relative sequences for some hitherto undated classes, is outlined. The sequences for lamps, fine wares, amphoras, cooking pots, and plain wares can be clearly established at Corinth. It is more difficult to tie together the independent chronologies of each class to assess the absolute dates for the four horizons, but the conclusions require major revisions to the monumental history of the Late Roman city.

The two pediments and twelve metopes adorning the Temple of Zeus at Olympia of ca. 470-456 B.C. have been the subject of scholarly inquiry since their discovery in the 19th century. These inquiries tend to treat the sculptural elements separately from each other, or largely detached from their Olympic context, and to interpret the sculptures as negative admonitions about hubris and consequent justice, or about dike and arete, or as political allegories. The present study examines the sculptures as a programmatic unity intimately connected with Olympia and the activities that occurred there and argues that, contrary to previous interpretations, the sculptures were created to serve as positive models to inspire and exhort Olympic athletes to deeds of honor and glory.

In this article, the authors explore patterns in regional activity in Messenia, the southwest corner of the Greek Peloponnese, from the Geometric to the end of the Late Roman period (ca. eighth century B.C. to seventh century A.D.). The analysis is based on extant historical evidence, the campaigns of the Minnesota Messenia Expedition, and—above all—the results of the Pylos Regional Archaeological Project. These three data sets have been integrated, as far as possible, in order to trace long-term changes in the region and to provide a foundation for further work in this still underexplored portion of Greece’s historical landscape.

Long considered an “index fossil” for the migration of the Slavs to Greece, “Slavic” bow fibulae have never been understood in relation to female dress. The “exotic” character of their decoration has encouraged speculations concerning the ethnic attribution of these artifacts, but no serious attempt has been made to analyze the archaeological contexts in which they were found. It is argued here that bow fibulae were more than just dress accessories, and that they may have been used for negotiating social power. The political and military situation of the early seventh century A.D. in the Balkans, marked by the collapse of the early Byzantine power in the region, may explain the need for new emblemic styles to represent group identity.

Research conducted in Corinth has led to the identification of two additional fragments of West-13 (Corinth VIII.2, pp. 11-12, no. 13). These fragments enable a full restoration of line 1 of the text and roughly the first half of line 2. Although many questions regarding this inscription remain, most significant perhaps being its date, the inscription does document further evidence of a distinct imperial presence within the Julian Basilica.

One of the many characteristic shapes produced in Corinth during the Archaic and Classical periods was the round-mouthed jug with one or two handles, the so-called “Corinth oinochoe.” The present article examines the typological development of this shape, particularly the version with two handles, from its introduction in the late seventh century until 146 B.C. This development suggests changing customs in male dining at Corinth, particularly in the third quarter of the fifth century and at the end of the fourth. The function of the two-handled variety is briefly considered, as well as the evidence for ceramic connections between Corinth and Athens.

Since the mid-Holocene epoch, sediments from the Alpheios River in Elis, in the western Peloponnese, have been entrained in littoral currents and deposited to form barriers, coastal lagoons, and peripheral marshes. Three major surges of sediment formed a series of barrier-island chains. The sites of Kleidhi (ancient Arene), along a former strategic pass by the sea, and Epitalion (Homeric Thryon), built on a headland at the mouth of the Alpheios River, now lie 1 and 5 km inland, respectively, and other ancient sites have been similarly affected. Diversion of the Peneus River has led to cycles of delta progradation and retrogradation that have both buried and eroded archaeological sites. Coastal changes continue in Elis today, resulting in areas of both erosion and deposition.

epigraphical index

In the absence of archaeological or epigraphic evidence, most scholars have taken Strabo’s short passage on Pleuron as proof that Old Pleuron was sacked by Demetrios II and that, as a result, New Pleuron was rebuilt on higher and more secure ground. A close examination of the historical context and the language of Strabo suggests, however, that Old Pleuron was never sacked. New Pleuron was planned and built from a position of strength as a preventative measure to withstand an anticipated period of warfare. The communities formerly surrounding the low-lying city of Old Pleuron then synoecized around the fortified urban center of New Pleuron.

In this article, the author examines fragments of the Athenian tribute quota lists assigned to 421/0-415/4 B.C., the period preceding the elimination of tribute in ca. 413. The epigraphical and historical arguments employed previously in the reconstruction of these lists are on the whole not cogent. Moreover, in some cases, epigraphic anomalies such as differences in lettering and the uncertainty of joins may challenge the association of fragments within lists. It is suggested that many fragments could equally well be dated to the period following the increased assessment of 425, a period that currently constitutes the sole gap in the reconstructed tribute record.

A black-figure hydria attributed to the Alkmene Painter resurfaced after a century out of sight. Reassessment of the hydria leads to a modified attribution and revised ideas about black-figure painters working in Athens during the late sixth century B.C. Style, novel compositions, and the syntactical practice of repeating figures across fields to create narrative connections and paradigmatic relationships reveal artistic innovation. Iconographic and inscriptional evidence confirms the use of hydrias in elite convivial events. The choice of black-figure to reflect Peisistratid fountain-house construction suggests a conservative elite sensibility at the time that the Kleisthenic reforms were beginning to take shape.

After a detailed examination of the literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, the authors argue that the prominent Archaic Doric temple at Corinth was dedicated to Apollo. It is this temple with its bronze statue that Pausanias (2.3.6) saw on his right as he left the area of the forum, taking the road to Sikyon. In further support of this identification, the authors present a previously unpublished Archaic terracotta pinax, possibly inscribed with a dedication to Apollo. The plaque was found during excavations at Corinth in 1902 and is now, apparently, lost.

Author(s): Donald C. Haggis | Margaret S. Mook | C. Margaret Scarry | Lynn M. Snyder | William C. West III

This report summarizes the results of the first season of excavation at Azoria in eastern Crete and provides an overview of the project’s goals and problem orientation. Work in 2002 concentrated on the peak of the South Acropolis and the occupational phases of the seventh–sixth centuries B.C. The recovery of a possible andreion complex suggests the urban character of the site in the sixth century and forms a starting point for discussing the political economy of the Archaic city. The excavations revealed important evidence for the organization of the sixth-century settlement and for the complex stratigraphic history of the site, including the Final Neolithic, Late Prepalatial, Early Iron Age, Archaic, and Hellenistic periods.

Feasting plays a central role in the Homeric epics. The elements of Homeric feasting—values, practices, vocabulary, and equipment—offer interesting comparisons to the archaeological record. These comparisons allow us to detect the possible contribution of different chronological periods to what appears to be a cumulative, composite picture of around 700 B.C. Homeric drinking practices are of particular interest in relation to the history of drinking in the Aegean. By analyzing social and ideological attitudes to drinking in the epics in light of the archaeological record, we gain insight into both the prehistory of the epics and the prehistory of drinking itself.

Recent studies have focused on the consumption of food and drink in antiquity, specifically employing anthropological perspectives to examine the social aspects of these activities. In light of these studies, I review in this article the evidence for feasting as a group activity in Cyprus during the third and second millennia B.C. and argue that the practice of feasting was used to reinforce group ties. The main focus is the impact of Mycenaean customs on indigenous Cypriot feasting practices between the 14th and 12th centuries B.C.

This survey of feasting in Bronze Age Crete reveals that feasts could be either exclusive elite celebrations or unrestricted occasions in which social identity rather than power was most important. In contrast, Mycenaean feasting on the Greek mainland seems to have arisen from elite customs aimed at exclusion. A comparison of the evidence for Late Minoan IIIC feasting at Phaistos and convivial practices on the mainland indicates new Mycenaean components to Cretan feasting, suggesting that the earlier pattern had shifted and that Cretan feasts had similarly become elite instruments of competition and negotiation for authority.

Linear B tablets and sealings from Thebes, Pylos, and Knossos monitor preparations for communal sacrifice and feasting held at palatial centers and in outlying districts. In this article I discuss the nature of the Linear B documents and focus on the fullest archaeological and textual evidence, which comes from Pylos. Translations of the key texts are presented in an appendix. Individuals and groups of varying status were involved in provisioning commensal ceremonies; prominent among the participants were regionally interlinked nobility, the wanaks (“king”) and the lāwāgetās (“leader of the lāos”). Commensal ceremonies helped establish a collective identity for inhabitants of palatial territories. Two land-related organizations, the da-mo (dāmos) and the worgioneion ka-ma, represented different social groups in such unifying ceremonies.

This paper presents a ceremonial feasting deposit from Late Helladic IIIA2 Tsoungiza. The dominance of head and foot bones from at least six cattle suggests on-site butchery, with the possibility that the meat was distributed for consumption elsewhere. The pottery fulfills most of the criteria proposed here for recognizing feasting activities in ceramic assemblages. A ceramic female figure, similar to those from sanctuaries at Phylakopi and Mycenae, ties the feasting to religious rituals. It is suggested that regional feasts contributed to maintaining political and economic alliances within the area around Mycenae.

The contexts of burned faunal assemblages from Blegen’s excavations at the Palace of Nestor are examined in this paper. Special attention is given to a deposit of bones found in a corner of room 7 of the Archives Complex. It is argued that these bones, from at least 10 cattle, probably represent the remains of a single episode of burned animal sacrifice and large-scale feasting that occurred shortly before the palace was destroyed. Feasts of this sort are likely to have played a diacritical role in Mycenaean society. The bones may have been brought to room 7 in order to verify to palace authorities that a sacrifice had been completed.

The study of feasting on the Greek mainland during the Middle and Late Bronze Age provides insights into the nature of Mycenaean society. Grave goods demonstrate changes in feasting and drinking practices and their importance in the formation of an elite identity. Cooking, serving, and drinking vessels are also recorded in Linear B documents. Feasting scenes appear in the frescoes of Crete and the islands, and the Mycenaeans adapt this tradition for representation in their palaces. Feasting iconography is also found in vase painting, particularly in examples of the Pictorial Style. Mycenaean feasting is an expression of the hierarchical sociopolitical structure of the palaces.

This article forms the introduction to a special issue of Hesperia (73.2) devoted to the study of Mycenaean feasting.

Documentary sources dating from the Venetian occupation of the Peloponnese (1688-1715) confirm a pattern, established by the late 17th century, of Ottoman estates dominating the lowland plain while the majority of Greeks lived in inland villages. The Venetians encouraged migration to the cities in an attempt to create an urban society that would support their administration. They failed to achieve this aim, as this study of Venetian Navarino shows, not only for lack of an urban tradition, but also because their policies for land distribution and taxation did not provide political or economic incentives for moving to the city. As a result, the settlement pattern in the Peloponnese remained remarkably stable throughout the Venetian occupation.

The inscription on a statue base (I 7483) found in the Agora Excavations provides information from the late second and early third century A.D. on intermarriage between families of the Eumolpidai and Kerykes, specifically the Casiani of Steiria of the genos of Eumolpidai and the Claudii of Melite of the genos of Kerykes. It allows us also to identify with high probability members of the Casiani with Eleusinian priests whose names have hitherto been known to us only in their hieronymous form. In addition, it provides important new evidence from the third century A.D. of the display of noble ancestry.

Recent reexamination of the cremated remains in the celebrated tomb of the “rich Athenian lady” brought to light the presence of a fetus four to eight weeks short of full term and established that the adult female died during pregnancy or premature childbirth. The physical anthropology of mother and child is reviewed and a facial reconstruction of the deceased woman presented. Other examples of pregnancy and death in the Greek world are discussed. The discovery of a fetus together with the adult female fundamentally changes the interpretation of this tomb and highlights the importance of skeletal evidence in the study of demography and social structure.

This article presents a previously unpublished document relief discovered during excavations on the north slope of the Acropolis of Athens in 1937. Although fragmentary, this relief contributes to the corpus of 4th-century B.C. document reliefs by providing a well-preserved depiction of what is most likely “Demos,” the personification of the Athenian people, awarding a crown to a mortal man. The iconography of Demos is reviewed and an appendix presents a list and concordance of all extant representations of Demos on Attic document reliefs.

Early Cycladic marble figures were commonly enriched with painted patterns. Certain motifs occur on a great number of figures, supporting the hypothesis that small communities separated by space as well as time wished to acknowledge and confirm cultural unity. Other patterns are relatively rare, suggesting a need to express smaller group or individual identities (perhaps associated with particular events). Possible functions and meanings for the figures are proposed here on the basis of these painted motifs, the archaeological contexts of the figures, and ethnographic parallels.

In 1958 Lord William Taylour excavated the badly eroded remains of a small late Early Helladic III site at Deriziotis Aloni on the Englianos Ridge not far from the Palace of Nestor. This paper constitutes a detailed presentation of Taylour’s results. Two apsidal buildings from the site are among the earliest apsidal structures known from Messenia, and the ceramics and small finds are indicative of a stage of prehistory poorly represented in the southwestern Peloponnese. Deriziotis Aloni may have been one of several similar sites that coalesced in the Middle Helladic period to form the larger community that ultimately gave rise to the Palace of Nestor.

The rules and norms affecting the pre-incubation sacrifice at the Amphiareion at Oropos are reexamined here in light of a new fragment, I.Oropos 278. The study of this fragment together with other evidence for sacrifice at the sanctuary suggests that the rules governing the pre-incubation sacrifice at the Amphiareion were more flexible during the 4th century B.C. than they appear from Pausanias’s later description of incubation on a ram’s skin. I.Oropos 278 is shown here to incorporate a sacrificial tariff. Representative sacrificial tariffs listed in an appendix further support this interpretation.

Recent research at Plataiai in southern Boiotia by the Plataiai Research Project (1996-2001) has added substantially to our knowledge of the site’s history. Inhabited since the Neolithic period, Plataiai was protected by fortifications from the early 5th century B.C. onward. Under the aegis of King Philip II the settlement area was greatly enlarged. The circuit wall was shortened by the insertion of a diateichisma during Hellenistic times, and the city laid out along an orthogonal grid. The settlement remained in this form until Late Roman times when a new fortification wall again constricted the perimeter. Occupation continued until medieval times, when Plataiai was abandoned, replaced by two smaller villages nearby.

This article summarizes the results of four seasons of excavation (1998-2001) in the Athenian Agora. Work concentrated on the Byzantine settlement (roads, houses, and large pithoi) built over the area of the Stoa Poikile in the 10th and 11th centuries. Further work was done in the Classical Commercial Building (ca. 400 B.C.), and a mid-5th-century B.C. well was cleared. Two Mycenaean (LH II-IIIA) chamber tombs, the first discovered in the Agora in over a generation, represent the earliest material yet found in the Agora excavations north of the Eridanos River. The report concludes with the texts of two Hellenistic inscriptions.

The present paper introduces the earliest-known documentary inscription from Samothrace, tentatively dated to the late 6th century B.C. The document contains a name in the Ionic dialect, which serves as an additional argument that the Greek inhabitants of the island came from Samos.

Excavations in 1991 and 1992 partially uncovered the remains of the late medieval village that overlies the ruins of ancient Panakton. Dated to the 14th and early 15th century, the settlement was built and occupied at a time in which central Greece was ruled by competing Western powers; both the identity of the residents and the medieval name of the village remain open questions. This report presents the domestic structures excavated to date, as well as the ceramics, coins, and tools associated with rural life and the agrarian economy. The report also discusses the village’s central church, its carved and painted decoration, and the burials that surrounded it.

This article is a preliminary publication of a series of finds made in 2000 at Tel Dor, Israel, during excavations sponsored jointly by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of California at Berkeley. A limestone Nike and a group of architectural fragments are conjectured to come from a 3rd- or early-2nd-century Doric temple or propylon. Fragments of a superb theatrical mosaic or mosaics in the opus vermiculatum technique are attributed to an andron or oecus and are compared with mosaics from late-3rd-century Alexandria and 2nd-century Delos, Pergamon, Rhodes, and Pompeii. The finds suggest the presence of a sophisticated Hellenized community at Hellenistic Dor.

In the spring of 2001 the hilly uplands immediately northwest of the modern city of Durrës were for the first time investigated using the techniques of intensive surface survey. In total, an area of six square kilometers was explored and twenty-nine sites were defined, most of them new. Remains of Greek antiquity were plentiful and include unpublished inscriptions and graves. One site may be the location of a previously unknown Archaic temple. Included in this article are descriptions of the areas investigated, a list of sites, and a catalogue of the most diagnostic artifacts recovered. Patterns of settlement and land use are discussed and compared to those recorded by other surveys in Albania.

The document published in this article was found in 1986 during excavations in the Sanctuary of the Great Gods at Samothrace. The inscription represents a dedication by the Thessalian League to the Great Gods. It provides important information about the Thessalian League in the 2nd century B.C., one of the most active periods in the League’s history, and contributes to our knowledge of places in mainland Greece that sent theoroi to Samothrace.

This article presents in detail the eighty-nine ground stone celts discovered in Neolithic levels at Franchthi Cave. The celts were fashioned primarily from local materials, using the techniques of pecking and grinding. No evidence for craft specialization in their manufacture has been detected. Only a small number of these tools are large or sturdy enough to have been used to cut down trees. Some of the celts could have been employed in lighter tasks (e.g., clearing shrubbery, working wood or bone), while others might have served in a ritual context.

epigraphical index

Discussion of some fragmentary finds from the excavations of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in the Athenian Agora, civic and cultural center of classical Athens.

This article presents an ancient monument discovered on Aigina in 1999. The monument is remarkable for its unusual shape: a rectangular slab with a pyramidal top, a two-line inscription, and a deep niche with dowel holes in the floor and back walls. I argue that the monument is funerary in function, and that its peculiar features are related to its primary use. The inscription gives a male name and a patronymic, Aristoukhos Aristomeneos, and can be dated to the 4th century B.C. It is possible that Aristomenes, the father of Aristoukhos, is the hero of Pindar’s Pythian 8.

Reconsideration of Archinos’s decree for the heroes of Phyle shows that it honored men who withstood the siege of the Thirty very soon after Thrasyboulos’s men took the stronghold. It is not evidence, as is sometimes claimed, that Thrasyboulos’s forces were overwhelmingly foreign. On the contrary, at least half were Athenians, and the most conservative restoration of the decree suggests that almost all of Thrasyboulos’s troops were Athenians at this point. Archinos’s decree, however, does not honor only Athenians. Although their presence is often overlooked, one to three of the men listed were certainly either metics or Eleutherians. Finally, A. E. Raubitschek’s early position that the decree honored over 100 men divided into two lists (with forty or so foreigners included in a second, lost, list) remains most likely.

Ceramic beehives are known to have been utilized in ancient Greece. Excavations by the University of Chicago at Isthmia have produced many fragments with an interior combed surface characteristic of this special vessel. In addition to four almost complete beehives of horizontal type, four restored hives and a number of fragments of an upright style of hive from the Sanctuary of Poseidon and the Rachi settlement are published here. They provide the first substantial evidence for the existence of the upright hive in ancient Greece.

It is often assumed that depictions on Attic vases of the goddess Eos carrying off young mortals were meant to convey a strong negative message about the dangers of female sexuality. But can we be sure that the myths about Eos and her lovers, like those of abductions of mortals by other gods, were intended as commentaries on human sexual conduct? Goddesses (unlike women) are immortal, ageless, and powerful. Evidence from the ancient sources suggests instead that depictions of abductions by Eos were meant to represent both the romance and anguish of divine interventions into mortal life, and to remind their users of the inexorable power of the gods.

The chronology of Rhodian amphora stamps depends heavily on a collection of roughly 900 stamps found at Pergamon in 1886, known as the Pergamon Deposit. Most of the Rhodian eponyms in this group are dated to ca. 210-175 B.C. Two points of historical interpretation are fundamental to these dates: good relations between Rhodes and Pergamon at that time, and Rhodian garrisoning of Knidos between 188 and 167. Neither interpretation, however, withstands scrutiny. The archaeological and topographic contexts of the Pergamon Deposit, hitherto ignored, are used here to argue for a closing date in the late 160s or early 150s, and the wider implications for Hellenistic ceramic chronologies are explored.

Current orthodoxy considers the proliferation of architraval inscriptions naming the donors of architectural dedications in the middle of the 4th century a striking departure from Greek practice of the High Classical period, when modest self-effacement is supposed to have been the rule. I argue, however, that a comprehensive view of the evidence suggests substantial continuity rather than drastic change: that inscribing personal names on the architraves of Greek buildings is not the product of foreign influence or royal arrogance, nor an appropriation by individuals of rights previously exercised only by the state, but rather a natural and predictable manifestation of widespread Greek votive and epigraphical habits of long standing.

Three aspects pertaining to the Greek colonization of Samothrace are addressed: the origin of the colonists, the foundation date, and relations between Greeks and non-Greeks. Relevant literary sources and other indications make it clear that the Greek colonists came from Samos; the current theory that they were Aeolians should be abandoned. No foundation date is preserved in the ancient sources, but archaeological remains, especially from cemeteries on the island, point strongly to the first half of the 6th century B.C. Evidence for a Greek takeover of a non-Greek cult, and, especially, for the use of a non-Greek language as well as Greek, makes the coexistence of Greeks and non-Greeks a plausible hypothesis.

The Thracian rider monuments are either funerary or dedicated to various deities. The inscriptions provide the only certain way to identify the deities or the monument’s type. After examining the relationship between inscriptions and iconography, I suggest in the present study that the horseman is an iconographical convention for a god/hero, and that his iconography is borrowed from Greek art. Interpreting the horseman as a conventional image obviates the current view that he represents a multifunctional god conflated with nearly every Greek, Roman, Thracian, or Eastern divinity, and produces a better understanding of both the monument type and cult.

This study presents a two-letter inscription, ΔA, an abbreviation of the Greek word meaning “public,” carved on the lifting boss of a drum abandoned in a Corinthian quarry. The inscription constitutes the first epigraphical evidence for public ownership of Corinthian limestone quarries and adds to our understanding of the legal status of quarries in pre-Roman Greece.

This article presents the life history of a large, repaired Early Iron Age amphora imported to Athens, fragments of which were discovered in 1939 in and around the Hephaisteion. The context of the vessel suggests that it was used in a tomb. Decorated in an “archaizing” style reminiscent of Protogeometric, the amphora can be dated to the Late Geometric period. It finds its closest parallels on Syros, an island hitherto little known for its post-Early Cycladic antiquities. How the amphora made its way to Athens is addressed, and different types of evidence point to the existence of resident aliens (metics) in a period before the reforms of Solon and Kleisthenes.

A newly discovered Bronze Age site is reported at Dorati in the Corinthia, overlooking the Nemea River. Surface material indicates that this was a large Mycenaean settlement, with structures potentially well preserved, and that earlier periods of the Bronze Age are also represented. The location of the site makes it possible to identify it tentatively as the Corinthian Orneai mentioned by Strabo, who implies (contra Pausanias) that this is the site referred to in the Catalogue of Ships. I suggest that Strabo is correct, and that Dorati may in fact be Homer’s Orneai. Accepting this identification helps clarify the logic by which sites in Agamemnon’s realm are listed in the Catalogue.

This article presents a survey of the principal state secretaries responsible for the publication of decrees and their erection on stone stelai, followed by a full analysis of the forms of the publication and erection provisions from the 5th century B.C. to the 2nd century A.C. The study demonstrates that, during all periods, one sequence tended to predominate, but other sequences were also employed. Attention is paid to detail within the constituent elements of the formulations, and suggestions are made for altering restorations in several texts.

The analysis of ceramics from Aphrati sheds valuable new light on the history of this Cretan settlement and on its relationship with a nearby rural sanctuary at Kato Syme in the Late Archaic and Classical periods. It has long been held that Aphrati was deserted from ca. 600 to 400 B.C. A pottery deposit from the domestic quarter, however, now supports occupation of the city during this period. A ceramic classification system is presented and the morphological development and absolute chronology of several key shapes at Aphrati and Kato Syme are plotted. Historical implications of the ceramic evidence are also explored.

This examination of the unwritten rules of Greek warfare suggests that the ideology of hoplite warfare as a ritualized contest developed not in the 7th century, but only after 480, when nonhoplite arms began to be excluded from the phalanx. Regular claims of victory, in the form of battlefield trophies, and concessions of defeat, in the form of requests for the retrieval of corpses, appeared in the 460s. Other 5th-century changes in military practice fit the theory that victories over the Persians led to the idealization of massed hand-to-hand combat. Archaic Greeks probably fought according to the limited protocols found in Homer.

Long considered one of the technical masterpieces of Archaic Greek vase painting, the Protocorinthian Chigi vase (ca. 640 B.C.) has defied attempts at interpretation. Its imagery has most often been understood as a random assortment of exquisite but unrelated scenes—hunts, horsemanship, the Judgment of Paris, and a hoplite battle. It is argued here that there is in fact a logic behind the choice of scenes, and that the vase displays a pliable thematic unity, focusing upon the stages of maturation of the Corinthian male and the interpenetration of the everyday, the exotic, the heroic, and the divine in the lives of mortals.

A sarcophagus from the estate of Herodes Atticus in Kephisia commemorates the intimate connections of the family with the city of Sparta, the Battle of Marathon, and the cult statue of Nemesis at Rhamnous. The iconographic allusions to Marathon also reflect the priorities of the Second Sophistic, an intellectual movement that appealed to the past to establish cultural and political superiority. The unusual and meaningful decorative program suggests that the family commissioned this sarcophagus. The earlier view that the more unusual Attic sarcophagi were prefabricated, but that their themes simply proved unpopular, should be modified in light of this study.

Imported Akhaian and locally produced Akhaian-style pottery occurs in South Italy, Sicily, and beyond, found not only in the Akhaian apoikiai, but also in other settlements. The most characteristic Akhaian shape-the kantharos-is discussed within the context of its home region, including Elis. Examples of Archaic Akhaian pottery in the West are assembled and the distribution is compared to that of Akhaian and West Greek imports in the Late Bronze Age. A pattern emerges that suggests a complex reality of interaction and movement of people, commodities, and ideas between Greece and Italy in the pre- and protohistoric periods, thus contributing to a better undestanding of the first western Greeks.

An extended graffito on a Hellenistic kantharos at Corinth seems to express a topos of greeting, quite likely in the form of a classic quotation from Euripides, just as we might quote Shakespeare today, whether or not we know the formal origin of the expression. The graffito forms another item of evidence for the currency of theater among many sections of Hellenistic society, not least in the context of the symposium.

inscriptions

This paper describes a glass opus sectile panel excavated at Corinth in 1981. The building in which it was found is situated east of the theater and is one of a suite of structures thought to have been destroyed shortly before A.D. 300. The author explores the subject matter of the panel (four fish swimming within a border of interlaced, crossed squares) with respect to a broad range of Roman decorative arts, and suggests that the panel may originally have been intended as wall decoration.

The author reports on the results of a topographic survey in 1991 and 1992 of fifteen Classical tower sites on the Ionian island of Leukas. Plans, photographs, and elevations of remains visible after thorough cleaning are presented, based on drawings to scale in the field and both archival and recent photographic documentation. A brief history of the exploration of Leukas introduces a summary of the two seasons, with detailed description of each site. The date and function of the towers and adjacent structures are evaluated in the context of current research on rural settlement in classical antiquity, defensive architecture, and the regional history of the area.

A study of nearly 12,000 lithic artifacts from Lerna was undertaken to determine if the lithics were produced by craft specialists. Analysis indicates that the production of lithics was controlled by part-time craft specialists based in individual households and not controlled by an elite central authority. The evidence of continuity in Bronze Age flintknapping does not support a hypothesis of discontinuity or cultural replacement at Lerna. Any interruptions had little effect on flintknapping technology or formal tool types. A decline in the supply of imported Melian obsidian at the end of Early Helladic III (Lerna IV) suggests an interruption of trade.

Acropolis 625, a monumental Archaic statue of Athena seated, is the earliest extant identifiable Athenian statue of Athena, and maybe the one by Endoios that Pausanias saw near the Erechtheion. It was found on the Acropolis North Slope at the beginning of the Greek Revolution. This paper pinpoints its exact findspot, and reveals that the statue was built-right side up and facing forward-into a previously unknown Late Antique wall of ca. A.D. 270-300, later incorporated into a mid-18th century Turkish outwork, just inside the new Turkish north gate. The wall was dismantled ca. 1822-1824.

Excavations at the necropolis of Aiani have yielded fifty-six locally produced polychrome vases dated to the second quarter of the 5th century B.C. The shapes and decoration appear to have no immediate predecessors, and no descendants, in the local tradition, and no close parallels in Macedonian or foreign wares. Some influence of local terracotta production and certain relationships with various wares produced in Central Greece, Attica, and East Greece can be traced, but the manufacture of this pottery owes less to direct imitation than to the experimentation and inventiveness of the local potters. This article presents this interesting group of pottery and examines the society that produced and used it.

pottery, small finds

The large square building in the southeast corner of the Athenian Agora, excavated in the 1950s and in 1978, served as the Athenian mint for the striking of bronze coins from the 4th through the late 1st century B.C. The best-preserved part of the building, the southwest room, produced ample evidence of industrial activity, including unstruck bronze coin blanks and rod segments from which the blanks had been chopped. The building was constructed near the end of the 5th or at the start of the 4th century B.C., but whether it was originally intended for the coining of bronze is uncertain.

This paper presents a survey of Athenian financial history from the transfer of the Delian Treasury in, probably, 454 to the end of the Peloponnesian War some fifty years later, in the hope that future research will profit from an over-view of the achievements of 20th-century scholarship.

This article presents the results of fieldwork, interviews, and archival research into how land use and agricultural choices in the post-1829 era have affected the landscape around the village of Maryeli in Messenia, Greece. Although relatively isolated, and never demographically significant, Maryeli’s landscape bears visible marks of the ebbs and flows of world trade. While in many ways the methods of land use in Maryeli are still visibly preindustrial, the goals of land use have long been “modern” in their relationship to capitalism and international market forces. Those goals repeatedly have reshaped the land.

Recent examination of the extant akroteria bases of the Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis 2635, 2638, 4291, and 15958α-β) and of the relevant inscriptions (IG I3 482, IG II2 1425, et al.) has revealed new evidence from which several conclusions can be made regarding the crowning sculpture of this important building. In addition to suggesting the technique by which the akroteria of the Nike temple were gilded, the new evidence demonstrates the size of the akroteria and allows the dominant interpretation of the central akroterion as a Bellerophon/Chimaira group to be rejected. Based on evidence gained from the akroteria bases, three hypothetical restorations of the central roof sculpture are proposed: a tripod, a trophy flanked by Nikai, and a composition based on the other well-known, gilded akroterion of the late 5th century B.C., the Nike erected by Paionios of Mende over the Spartan shield on the east facade of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.

epigraphical index

iconography, sculpture

pottery

sculpture, terracottas, temple, style

survey, early travelers

inscriptions, Latin

pottery

iconography, sculpture, reliefs

sculpture, reliefs, religion, dress

inscriptions, political history

pottery, chronology

excavation, pottery, materials science

sculpture, portraiture

inscriptions, law

amphoras, trade, graffiti, economics

epigraphical index

economics, agriculture, domestic architecture

sculpture, painting, fortifications

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, baths

inscriptions, political history

flora, food

excavation, metallurgy

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, lithics

excavation

chronology, sculpture,architecture, military history

architecture, temple

amphoras, stamps, coinage, history

inscriptions

inscriptions, pottery, curse

pottery

pottery, sanctuary

architecture, fauna and flora, geoarchaeology

excavation, architecture, pottery, religion, small finds

funerary studies, physical anthropology

architecture

pottery, vase painting, red figure

excavation, architecture, small finds, coinage, pottery

topography

vase painting, pottery, red figure, iconography

sculpture, portraiture

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, religion, lithics, metals, terracotta figurines

inscriptions, curse

inscriptions, decree

pottery

inscriptions, religion

inscriptions, history

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, religion, small finds

inscriptions, religion, cult

survey, topography, geoarchaeology

excavation, architecture, small finds

survey

architecture

architecture, history

inscriptions, religion

religion, small finds, cult

inscriptions, topography

architecture

topography, religion, architecture

excavation, coinage

religion, cult, sanctuary

pottery

pottery, stamps

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, terracotta figurines

bibliography

epigraphical index

sculpture, religion, cult

inscriptions

survey, pottery, small finds

lithics, technology

pottery, small finds

excavation, pottery, history, small finds, inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds

architecture

architecture, terracottas

excavation, pottery, small finds, coinage, terracotta figurines, architecture, topography, history

excavation, pottery, small finds, coinage, architecture

epigraphical index

political history

sculpture, religion, reliefs, cult

terracotta figurines

funerary studies, pottery, small finds, history

architecture, temple, sanctuary

architecture, topography

pottery, vase painting, black figure

inscriptions

architecture, sculpture

inscriptions

excavation, pottery, architecture, mosaics, small finds

history, sculpture, inscriptions, reliefs

architecture, topography, temple, sanctuary

inscriptions, history

history, inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, iconography

history

excavation, architecture, pottery, terracotta figurines, small finds

pottery, inscriptions, graffiti

inscriptions

sculpture, history, inscriptions, reliefs

excavation, architecture, pottery, figurines, religion

inscriptions, history

excavation, architecture, pottery, coinage

history, religion, literature, inscriptions

epigraphical index

pottery, terracottas

pottery, inscriptions, graffiti

excavation, architecture, pottery, terracotta figurines, small finds

architecture, sculpture

architecture, history, fortifications

inscriptions, history

architecture, sculpture

religion, sculpture, pottery, cult

inscriptions, religion, cult

inscriptions

history, religion, literature, inscriptions

inscriptions

religion, pottery, small finds, glass, terracottas

inscriptions, sanctuary, magic

inscriptions, religion

excavation, pottery, coinage, small finds, terracotta figurines

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage

epigraphical index

religion, architecture, small finds, sanctuary, cult

pottery, terracottas

architecture, pottery, small finds

pottery, architecture

topography, survey, pottery, settlement patterns, domestic architecture

excavation, pottery, small finds, terracotta figurines

literature, theater, prosopography

inscriptions

survey, topography, small finds, pottery

excavation, architecture, pottery

topography, architecture, settlement patterns, domestic architecture

pottery, amphoras

pottery

excavation, glass, pottery, architecture, coinage

survey, topography, history

epigraphical index

pottery, vase painting, red figure

pottery, iconography

religion, sculpture, architecture, pottery, cult, sanctuary

excavation, pottery, architecture, terracotta figurines, small finds

bibliography

pottery, prosopography

inscriptions, pottery, graffiti

pottery, religion, cult

inscriptions, sculpture, relief

inscriptions

pottery, trade

survey, topography, history

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, lithics

pottery, prosopography

sculpture, inscriptions, restoration

pottery

inscriptions, history

small finds, pottery

inscriptions, history

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage, glass

pottery, religion

sculpture, religion, iconography, relief

religion, architecture, sanctuary, funerary studies, cult

sculpture, metalwork

excavation, religion, small finds, architecture, pottery, topography, terracotta figurines

sculpture, architecture, religion, iconography

epigraphical index

metalwork, furniture

pottery, religion, vase painting, iconography

sculpture

sculpture, metalwork, portraiture, iconography

survey, topography, architecture, history, pottery, small finds

pottery, vase painting

history, materials science

sculpture, religion, domestic architecture

metalwork, sculpture, technology

pottery, inscriptions, vase painting, iconography, red figure

pottery, amphoras

sculpture, architecture, iconography, religion

religion, small finds, inscriptions, cult

history, topography

iconography, terracottas, painting, religion

literature, political history

religion, architecture, cult, sanctuaries, history

funerary studies, sculpture, religion, stelai

inscriptions, religion

fauna, excavation

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds

terracotta figurines, religion, small finds, sculpture, architecture

pottery, vase painting

excavation, architecture, sculpture, pottery, coinage, small finds, sanctuary

epigraphical index

ethnography, pottery, technology, trade

inscriptions, religion, history

inscriptions, history

survey, small finds, topography, pottery, inscriptions

history

metalwork, technology, sculpture

inscriptions

iconography, sculpture, cult

harbors, nautical archaeology, excavation, pottery, architecture

survey, geoarchaeology, fortifications, architecture, pottery, small finds

inscriptions, history

prosopography, inscriptions

prehistory, pottery, chronology

inscriptions, history

excavation, religion, architecture, pottery, sanctuary, coinage

architecture, terracottas, stamps

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas, pottery

architecture, terracottas, pottery, reliefs

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

architecture, terracottas

terracottas, architecture, regionalism

epigraphical index

history

pottery, cult, religion, literature

coinage, history

iconography, vase painting, pottery, funerary studies

pottery, small finds

iconography, vase painting, black figure

inscriptions, history

history, topography

literature, history, religion

history

history, inscriptions, calendric studies

pottery, small finds, inscriptions, history

history, religion

history

architecture, terracottas

architecture, temple

inscriptions, history, religion, epigrams

pottery, vase painting, literature, iconography, cult

inscriptions

fauna, excavation, religion, cult

inscriptions, history, religion

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage, terracotta figurines, inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, red figure

epigraphical index

architecture, sculpture, technology

inscriptions, religion, metalwork, pottery, prosopography

inscriptions, history

inscriptions

excavation, prehistory, pottery, small finds, history

pottery

history of archaeology

lithics, prehistory, small finds

inscriptions, history, prosopography

inscriptions

history, inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, red figure

excavation, small finds, architecture, pottery, metalwork

sculpture, architecture

architecture, sculpture

iconography, vase painting, red figure, pottery

inscriptions, history, religion

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, coinage

pottery

inscriptions, religion, history

pottery, small finds

excavation, small finds, architecture, pottery

epigraphical index

pottery

architecture

settlement patterns, topography, survey, history

iconography, vase painting, red figure

fauna

iconography, figurines, prehistory

history, inscriptions

inscriptions, history

technology, architecture, small finds

pottery, small finds, fortifications

pottery

coinage

architecture, theater

iconography, vase painting, black figure

history, inscriptions

decree, inscriptions, history

excavation, pottery, sculpture, architecture, small finds, coinage

epigraphical index

architecture, theater

pottery

excavation, pottery, small finds, architecture, settlement patterns

inscriptions, history

excavation, pottery, small finds, glass, terracotta figurines, architecture, coinage

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, history

religion, sculpture, cult

coinage, excavation

inscriptions, decree

excavation, small finds, architecture, coinage, pottery, frescoes, terracotta figurines

survey, topography, geoarchaeology

history, literature

architecture, sanctuary

excavation, pottery, small finds, architecture

epigraphical index

survey, architecture, pottery, topography

pottery, small finds

lithics

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds

inscriptions

funerary studies, excavation, pottery, metalwork, small finds, coinage

topography, inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, history

small finds

funerary studies, prosopography, inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, sanctuary

sculpture, cult, religion

sculpture, religion, metalwork

topography, history

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, coinage

architecture, amphoras, chronology, stamps, stoas

epigraphical index

inscriptions, history

architecture, topography

materials science, metalwork

sculpture, religion, cult, iconography

inscriptions, history

funerary studies, sculpture, religion, literature

inscriptions, religion, history

pottery

sculpture, iconography, literature, religion

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds

coinage

inscriptions, decree, history

excavation report, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, settlement patterns, topography

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, topography, coinage, glass

religion, archaeological science

sculpture, religion, cult

excavation, topography, architecture, pottery, sculpture, small finds

epigraphical index

excavation, survey, architecture, pottery

architecture, settlements patterns

pottery, obsidian, interaction

pottery, vase painting

pottery, chronology, prehistory

iconography, pottery

iconography, vase painting

inscriptions, history

inscriptions, history

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, terracotta figurines, coinage

excavation, architecture, pottery, coinage, history

inscriptions, religion, topography , history

inscriptions, religion, topography, history

inscriptions, religion, topography, history

history, topography, architecture

inscriptions

iconography, vase painting, red figure pottery

inscriptions, topography

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds

pottery, vase painting, religion

inscriptions, topography

excavation, pottery, small finds, coinage, terracotta figurines, architecture, glass

epigraphical index

pottery

topography, history

architecture

sculpture, cult, religion

excavation, survey, topography, architecture, pottery

bibliography

bibliography

terracotta figurines, sculpture

amphoras, trade

pottery, glass, metalwork

sculpture, metalwork, iconography

amphoras, measures and weights

amphoras, pottery, stamps , iconography

sculpture, metalwork, figurines

portraiture, sculpture, cult, history

amphoras, material science, trade

sculpture, terracottas

history, topography

settlement patterns, history

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, topography, history

excavation, pottery, small finds, glass, sculpture, coinage, architecture

sculpture, iconography

inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, black figure, red figure, prosopography, history

inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions

excavation, small finds, pottery, architecture

history

epigraphical index

amphoras, trade

sculpture

religion, cult

history

history

history

history

history, topography

history

settlement patterns, survey, history

pottery, reliefs

materials science, pottery

pottery, vase painting, ref figure, excavation

pottery, religion, topography, cult

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, terracotta figurines

pottery, reliefs

coinage

inscriptions, history, decree

small finds, coinage

metalwork, sculpture, pottery, figurines

inscriptions

inscriptions, topography, architecture

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery

excavation, architecture, topography, small finds, pottery

epigraphical index

metalwork, sanctuary

mosaics, architecture

architecture, pottery, temple

pottery , vase painting, red figure

pottery, vase painting, black-figure, history, prosopography

inscriptions, religion, law, cult

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, religion

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, inscriptions

pottery, small finds, architecture, glass, coinage

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds

religion, architecture, cult

small finds, history, inscriptions, stamps

architecture, frescoes

inscriptions, history

coinage, excavation

epigraphical index

history

pottery, vase painting, black figure

history, architecture, pottery, small finds

architecture, pottery

religion, architecture, topography, sanctuary

excavation, pottery, glass, small finds, coinage, amphoras, archaeological science

inscriptions

fortifications, architecture, military history

pottery

pottery, religion

architecture, inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, terracotta figurines

excavation, pottery, small finds, architecture, amphoras

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, amphoras, inscriptions

architecture, religion, sanctuary, topography

inscriptions, history

inscriptions, history, prosopography

excavation, architecture, inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions, history

inscriptions, history

inscriptions, history

epigraphical index

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, lithics

pottery, terracotta figurines, religion

excavation, architecture, topography

inscriptions

inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, red figure

inscriptions, history

small finds, history

inscriptions, history

architecture, history, topography

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds

inscriptions, history

excavation, pottery, architecture

inscriptions, history, prosopography

coinage

excavation, pottery, architecture, amphoras, small finds, religion, glass, terracotta figurines

epigraphical index

metalwork, sculpture, small finds

metalwork, sculpture, small finds

small finds

sculpture

pottery , small finds

inscriptions, religion, topography, sanctuary

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, decree

inscriptions

inscriptions, topography, prosopography

inscriptions, calendric studies

sculpture

sculpture, architecture, temple

excavation, pottery, small finds, architecture

inscriptions

topography, religion, inscriptions

architecture

metalwork, small finds

inscriptions, history, small finds

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage, terracotta figurines, amphoras, sculpture

pottery, religion, cult

architecture, small finds

excavation, architecture, small finds

epigraphical index

vase painting, red figure, pottery

pottery, small finds, amphoras, iconography, vase painting

excavation, pottery, small finds, architecture, archaeological science

inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions

coinage, architecture, sanctuary

inscriptions

pottery, vase painting, black figure

excavation, architecture

excavation, small finds, pottery, architecture, sculpture

inscriptions

inscriptions

small finds, metalwork, sculpture

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, amphoras, terracotta figurines, mosaics

inscriptions

sculpture

metalwork, small finds, sculpture

coinage

epigraphical index

inscriptions

inscriptions

sculpture

history

inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions

funerary studies, pottery

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds

coinage

sculpture

excavation, pottery, small finds

pottery,vase painting, black figure

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, topography, sanctuaries

small finds, terracottas

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, archaeological science

excavation, architecture, theater

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage, topography, sculpture

epigraphical index

bibliography

topography, history

pottery

funerary studies, small finds

excavation, architecture, courts, topography, law

architecture, litarature

history

sculpture, religion, cult

sculpture

inscriptions

architecture, religion, sanctuary

small finds, metalwork, vase-painting, iconography

theater, architecture

architecture

funerary studies, pottery

excavation, pottery, small finds, amphoras, funerary studies

inscriptions

inscriptions

topography, literature

excavation, architecture, small finds, pottery, coinage, sculpture, terracotta figurines

funerary studies, architecture, survey

fortifications, architecture

inscriptions, history

domestic architecture, excavation, pottery, sculpture, small finds, terracotta figurines, prosopography

inscriptions, history, ostracism

inscriptions, coinage, history, law

architecture, temple

excavation, pottery, amphoras, small finds

excavation, pottery, small finds, funerary studies

sculpture, figurines

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, coinage, amphoras, inscriptions

epigraphical index

pottery

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, sculpture

inscriptions

funerary studies

inscriptions, prosopography

coinage

coinage

architecture, frescoes, archaeological science, iconography

excavation, small finds, pottery, terracotta figurines

coinage

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, sculpture, inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery

coinage

excavation, small finds, lithics, pottery, archaeological science, obsidian

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, amphoras, terracotta figurines, coinage

epigraphical index

inscriptions, architecture

sculpture, history

architecture, sculpture

topography, history, architecture, funerary studies

inscriptions

inscriptions, tribute

inscriptions, tribute

pottery

pottery

mosaics, iconography

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, numismatics, glass, terracotta figurines, sculpture

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, lithics, obsidian, terracotta figurines, archaeological science

inscriptions

sculpture, iconography

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, coinage, terracotta figurines

insciptions

inscriptions, history, topography

settlement patterns, history, topography

architecture, inscriptions

inscriptions

excavation, pottery, architecture, small finds, inscriptions, sculpture, glass

epigraphical index

inscriptions

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, topography

excavation, terracotta figurines, pottery, cult

excavation, pottery, small finds, obsidian

sculpture

inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions, religion, theater, literature

inscriptions, history

excavation, architecture, topography, sculpture, inscriptions

inscriptions

inscriptions, cult, religion

inscriptions, religion, cult

funerary studies, architecture

inscriptions

fortifications, topography, history, architecture, pottery, small finds, amphoras

figurines, sculpture

inscriptions, prosopography

inscriptions

amphoras, trade

excavation, pottery, architecture, coinage

epigraphical index

inscriptions

inscriptions, law, courts

literature, harbors, coinage

sculpture

inscriptions

pottery, excavation

architecture

architecture, sculpture

architecture, sculpture, history, religion

inscriptions

sculpture, architecture, terracottas

inscriptions, history, prosopography

pottery

inscriptions

pottery

coinage

inscriptions, demes

inscriptions, religion, cult

inscriptions, law, cult

inscriptions

excavation, pottery, amphoras, architecture, sculpture, small finds, inscriptions

epigraphical index

inscriptions

inscriptions

small finds, pottery, stamps

topography, literature

inscriptions

excavation, pottery

inscriptions, prosopography

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, terracotta figurines, inscriptions

excavation, archaeological science, small finds, lithics, pottery, terrracotta figurines

excavation, topography, amphoras, small finds, pottery, architecture, harbors

excavation, architecture, pottery, small finds, terracotta figurines, coinage

bibliography

inscriptions, history

sculpture, metalwork, literature

sculpture, architecture

sculpture

sculpture

sculpture

architecture

architecture, topography, history, temple, cult

literature

sculpture

sculpture, metalwork

sculpture, figurines, metalwork, cult

sculpture, architecture, inscriptions

inscriptions, temple

inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery, metals, sculpture, small finds, terracotta figurines, glass, coinage, inscriptions

excavation, architecture, pottery

excavation, sanctuary, cult, funerary studies, architecture, pottery, small finds, amphoras. terracotta figurines

epigraphical index

inscriptions